Once, the Buffelsfontein mine in South Africa employed 18,000 people. But the mine’s closure in 2013 didn’t mean the mining stopped. Instead, an abandoned Buffels became a target for “zama-zamas,” who hunted for gold in its deepest and farthest reaches. This was a world of criminal gangs and hard labor—and it got even more worse when the police stopped letting food in or people out. For The Economist‘s magazine, Liam Taylor tells the horrifying story of exactly what happened.

Those who knew the old Buffels regarded zama-zamas like George and Alfred with a mixture of horror and awe. The mining engineer from Klerksdorp described the conditions as “Dante’s inferno, two kilometres underground”. When I called Bernard Swanepoel, a former boss of Village Main Reef, the company that owned the mine when it closed, he was astonished that anyone was there at all. “I’ve worked on mines all my life,” he said. “If you told me that you could swing someone down a kilometre on a rope I’d have told you exactly how mad you are.”

More picks about Africa

Revolutions

Bill Donahue | Now Voyager | August 28, 2026 | 6,870 words

“Joël Kyaviro has overcome violence, poverty, and the Ebola crisis to become the best cyclist to emerge from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. How far can he go?”

“People Want That African Euphoria”

Kéchi Nne Nomu | New York | July 2, 2025 | 2,619 words

“Black Americans are moving to Ghana — and driving up the cost of living for everyone around them.”

The Great Serengeti Land Grab

Stephanie McCrummen | The Atlantic | April 8, 2024 | 8,385 words

“How Gulf princes, the safari industry, and conservation groups are displacing the Maasai from the last of their Serengeti homeland.”

Old World, Young Africa

Declan Walsh | The New York Times | October 28, 2023 | 4,684 words

“Part one of a series on how the youth boom is changing the continent, and beyond.”

A Good Prospect

Nick Bowlin | The Drift | July 9, 2023 | 7,602 words

“Mining climate anxiety for profit.”